Leaked private keys can have catastrophic consequences, allowing the threat actors to access private systems and launch targeted attacks.
The SolarWinds incident (2020) demonstrated how leaked private keys can enable attackers to sign malicious software updates that appear legitimate. The attackers compromised SolarWinds' build system and inserted a backdoor into Orion software updates, affecting thousands of organizations, including government agencies. When private keys used for code signing are leaked, attackers can:
The Pulse Secure VPN incident (2021) highlighted how leaked private keys can lead to widespread VPN infrastructure compromise. Attackers exploited leaked keys to:
The Fortinet FortiOS SSL-VPN case (2019), where leaked private keys were exposed publicly, demonstrated how attackers could:
Even after key rotation, compromised systems may remain vulnerable if backdoors are established. Attackers can persist in networks for months or years before detection. Organizations may need to completely rebuild affected infrastructure. Reputational damage and loss of customer trust can be severe<.